Research Paper on Climate Change the Myth of Global Warming Essay Example

Examination Paper on Climate Change: the Myth of Global Warming Essay This Research Paper is affectionately committed to our particular guardians who have been our consistent wellspring of motivation. They have given us the drive and order to handle any undertaking with energy and assurance. Without their affection and bolster this venture would not have been made conceivable. Affirmation We might want to recognize the commitments of the accompanying gathering and people to the improvement of this exploration paper: Our class peer research bunch for the collaboration and brotherhood. We are likewise generously grateful to our instructor, Mr. /Ms. _____, whose consolation, direction and backing from the underlying to the last level empowered us to build up a comprehension of the subject. To our genuinely incredible companion Don who has made accessible his help in various manners. Finally, We offer our respects and favors to those who bolstered us in any regard during the consummation of the undertaking. Name of Students Here 1 ABSTRACT The outside of the earth has been warming, the normal temperature expanding, for quite a long while. Individuals considering this don't concede to the reason for the warming pattern. We will compose a custom exposition test on Research Paper on Climate Change: the Myth of Global Warming explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Research Paper on Climate Change: the Myth of Global Warming explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Research Paper on Climate Change: the Myth of Global Warming explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Some state that man has caused the change; others guarantee that it is a characteristic pattern. On the off chance that a few hippies are to be accepted, we are nearly enormous worldwide environmental change which will see a critical ascent in ocean levels, disordered climate designs, and disastrous dry spells all brought about by little increment in worldwide normal temperature. Regardless of whether a worldwide temperature alteration is a difficult that can be managed, will depend not just on the manners in which that are accessible to governments and individuals to act yet additionally on their will to act because of this natural change. Presentation Man-made contamination is obvious; from litter in nearby streams to tufts of carbon thick smoke surging out of intensity plants, it has become clear supportability isn't a need. Likewise, our assets are being utilized and mishandled a lot quicker than the earth can recharge and recuperate. As of late, this maltreatment on Mother Nature has become a subject of incredible intrigue. Known as the â€Å"green movement†, advocates pressure attention to waste and contamination and its impact on nature. The most advanced outcome of our non-earth amicable activities is a worldwide temperature alteration. This hypothesis is indiscriminately embraced with minimal logical proof since it legitimizes the worlds’ need to become environmentally viable. At the point when the mind-boggling realities concerning nursery gasses and the sheer measure of waste people produce is considered, there is no big surprise an Earth-wide temperature boost is legitimized in peoples’ minds. Albeit human incited an unnatural weather change is a famous hypothesis, it is deluding on the grounds that environmental change has happened since the beginning, our latest time of warming finished more than ten years back, and the earth is as of now in a condition of cooling. 2 RATIONALS AND BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Environmental change is the same old thing. In the life expectancy of earth, an atmosphere where people could and have occupied the planted are minor smircesh on its’ atmosphere course of events. Beginning with the huge explosion more than 13. 7 billion years prior, the earth has encountered patterns of hot flashes and freezing spells (Global Warming and Global Cooling, 2007, p. 2). As of late as 650 million years prior the earth was ice cold all the way through. This time of 10 million years is known as snowball earth. After this period, volcanoes started to emit delivering ozone depleting substances, which warmed the earth. Throughout the following 400 million years, worldwide temperatures rose and fell taking into consideration little living things to succeed. Plants, inhumane creatures, and creepy crawlies did well during this time. At that point, out of nowhere, there was mass annihilation. Over 95% of the earth’s species kicked the bucket because of flood basalt ejections going on for one million years. The earths’ temperatures rose an amazing 18oF because of a 700% expansion of CO2 during this time. It at that point took 195 billion years for the blanked of CO2 to scatter and earth to cool, by and by permitting occupants. At 55 million years back another 200F increment happened because of expanded methane gas. Throughout the following 40 million years, temperatures kept on fluctuating, taking into account the polar ice tops to grow and withdraw. Since, the atmosphere has remained moderately stable with just a solitary ice age. When temperatures warmed, wooly mammoths that flourished during the ice age and other super well evolved creatures couldn't endure, while people where ready to adjust (A Global Warning? , 2007). Be that as it may, it is guileless to speculation environmental change would inexplicably grind to a halt in the interest of human inhabitation. The previously mentioned changes effectsly affected the earth. As of late there has been less extraordinary, anyway still observable, atmosphere variances. Proclamation OF THE PROBLEM For quite a long while devotees and cynics have contended about the reasons for a worldwide temperature alteration. The issue is convoluted in light of the fact that adherents caution that man-made causes whenever left to progress excessively far might be irreversible. Decrease of the rainforests, proceeded with development in hydrocarbon ventures, increments in domesticated animals, and exhaustion of the ozone are completely viewed as components in the discussion. Cynics keep up that the environmental change is a characteristic wonder, that man’s impact on nature is to a great extent exaggerated. The truth of the matter is that for quite a long while, the earth’s temperature is rising. The difficult stays in choosing imagine a scenario in which anything we can do about it. 3 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS All examination concentrates additionally have impediments and a limited extension. For our situation, confinements are more on schedule and spending requirements. Data and information were assembled from different sources including the web. Directing logical examinations and analyses on a worldwide scale would be close to outlandish for secondary school understudies like us. Hypothetical FRAMEWORK The most perceived instances of present day environmental change are known as the Medieval Warming Period and the Little Ice Age. The Medieval Warming Period (MWP) occurred somewhere in the range of 800 and 1300 AD and comprised of temperatures up to 5oF hotter than today. These temperatures assumed an enormous job ever, as it was what permitted the Vikings to colonize Greenland. In spite of the fact that it is as of now being discussed, this time of warmth could have been worldwide. Assuming this is the case, the marginally raised temperatures seen throughout the most recent thirty years would not be uncommon. Following the MWP was the Little Ice Age (LIA). This period comprised of three continuous virus spikes with marginally hotter periods in the middle. These spikes happened at around 1650,1770, and 1850 and are very much reported in North America and Europe. Similarly as with the MWP, it is far from being obviously true whether these were worldwide occasions (Natural and anthropogenic environmental change, 2004). In any case, a relationship among's temperature and sun spot movement known as the Maunder Minimum created with assistance from perceptions from that time (A basic for environmental change arranging, 2009). Not exclusively do these chronicled occasions negate the momentum hypothesis of man-frantic an Earth-wide temperature boost; the exploration picked up from these occasions uncovers other support for characteristic happening environmental change. 4 DEFINITION OF TERMS For the motivation behind this examination, the accompanying terms are therefore characterized: ozone depleting substance (here and there truncated GHG) is a gas in an air that ingests and emanates radiation inside the warm infrared range. This procedure is the key reason for the nursery impact. The essential ozone harming substances in the Earths air are water fume, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. reenhouse impact is a procedure by which warm radiation from a planetary surface is consumed by environmental ozone harming substances, and is re-transmitted every which way. Since part of this re-radiation is back towards the surface, vitality is moved to the surface and the lower environment. Accordingly, the temperature there is higher than it would be if direct warming by sun based radiation were the main warming system. a dangerous atmospheric devation is the expansion in the normal temperature of Earths close surface air and seas since the mid-twentieth century and its anticipated continuation. CO2 outflow or carbon dioxide emanation is the measure of carbon dioxide discharged. sunspots are brief wonders on the photosphere of the Sun that show up noticeably as dim spots contrasted with encompassing locales. They are brought about by extraordinary attractive movement, which restrains convection by an impact practically identical at the vortex current brake, framing regions of diminished surface temperature. NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration: an autonomous office of the United States government liable for flight and spaceflight. 5 BODY OF THE RESEARCH There is no uncertainty the earth has and will keep on encountering times of warming. Our latest period started during the 1900s and kept going during that time 2000. â€Å"Research results show that the sun, which started lighting up 100-150 years back, might be the most grounded it has been in 1,000 years. This expanded splendor is because of sunspots. It isn't completely clear concerning the relationship among's sunspots and environmental change, be that as it may, a harsh supposition that will be that the more sun spots there are, the more splendid it is, and there for more warmth is delivered. What's more, sunspots make an attractive cycle that has been found to relate with the Northern Hemisphere land temperatures (Global Warming: Sun Takes Some Heat, 2004). The significant thing to note is the date connected to the above information.

Classical Greek Philosophical Paideia in Light of the Postmodern Occidentalism of Jacques Derrida :: Philosophy

Old style Greek Philosophical Paideia in Light of the Postmodern Occidentalism of Jacques Derrida Dynamic: In his works during the 60s and 70s, Derrida arranges his principle of diffã ©rance with regards to an extreme evaluate of the Western philosophical custom. This evaluate lays on a blistering analysis of the convention as logocentric/phallogocentric. Frequently talking in an acted, ÃÅ"bermenschean way, Derrida guaranteed that his 'new' aporetic reasoning of diffã ©rance would help achieve the clã'ture of the Western heritage of logocentrism and phallogocentrism. Despite the fact that in ongoing compositions he seems to have sunk into an increasingly pietistic demeanor towards the generally Judeo-Christian feeling of the consecrated and a more grounded declamatory affirmation of his solidarity with the basic undertaking of the Greek scholars, a significant number of his perusers are still left with a sharp preference for their mouths because of the denunciatory and self-charming tone of his prior works. In this paper, I address these worries, contending that the prior pha llogocentric worldview hidden Derrida's scrutinize of traditional Greek philosophical paideia can be troped as a postmodern, Franco-Euro type of 'Occidentalism'- a 'metanarrative' fundamentally the same as in aim to the Orientalism studied by Said. In Derrida’s prior compositions, it is to be sure hard to unravel this Occidental metanarrative from the aporetic transcendentalism of diffã ©rance. a. From Hellenocentrism to Phallogocentrism: In his profoundly persuasive Introduction to Paideia: the Ideals of Greek Culture (1933), Werner Jaeger talks about the standards of Greek paideia as far as their fundamental impact on European culture, a culture which he forebodingly depicts in the mid thirties as tired of human advancement. Jaeger utilizes the expression hellenocentric to portray the basic idea of the Greek effect on the improvement of present day European culture; his technique for deciphering Greek culture lays on an endeavor both to vivify the fading style of nineteenth century philhellenism and to challenge the across the board, Nietzschean-motivated war against the unnecessary legitimization of current life, a war that additionally drives, claims Jaeger, to an unlimited power historiographical excusal of Greek paideia as too much rationalistic. In his endeavor to vivify and challenge nineteenth-and mid twentieth-century figurings of Greek paideia, Jaeger contends that the scholarly and otherworldly nature of G reek scholarly life can't be comprehended, as he felt it had been comprehended, in vacuo, cut off from the general public which delivered it and to which it was tended to. In his Introduction to Paideia, Jaeger reproduces the dynamic exchange in Greek paideia between the polis and the person, between social duty and individual opportunity, - to put it plainly, between the zw'/on politikon and the gnw'qi seautovn- - in the expectation of reestablishing to European culture a more prominent energy about its hellenocentric beginnings.

Book Riots Deals of the Day for March 5th, 2019

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Major Demographic Changes in the Middle East and North Africa

The major demographic changes in the Middle East and North Africa have been the massive increase in population, and urbanization which has seen the emergence of many large cities throughout the region. The reasons for this have been because of better health care, greater mobility of the population, economic opportunities in the cities and political changes. During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, a number of European families started moving to the Middle East and North Africa, with many French and other Europeans settling in Algeria from the 1830s. Many Albanians moved to Egypt, and there were also some Russian Orthodox communities settling in the Holy Land. Even before the Suez Canal, was considerable sea traffic to†¦show more content†¦Postwar political changes saw the rise of nationalism in North Africa. Many Italians left Libya and Eritrea, and at the end of the Franco-Algerian War, some 900,000 French, Italian and German settlers in Algeria moved to F rance where they were resettled. Many Britons, Greeks, Italians, Maltese and also Copts left Egypt during the 1950s and 1960s. In the Middle East, the creation of Israel initially saw many European Jews moving there, with many North African Jews moving to Israel after the Six-Day War of 1967. During this period large numbers of Palestinian refugees fled to Jordan and Lebanon, and from the 1950s, many Christian Palestinians and Christian Lebanese have resettled in the United States, Canada and Australia. During the 1990s there has been a massive influx of Russian Jews to Israel, combined with the resettlement of the Falashes, the Jews of Ethiopia. The oil wealth of the Middle East from the 1970s created a demand for Western engineers and technicians, as well as tens of thousands of Indians, Pakistanis and Filipinos finding menial and domestic work in the Iraq and the Gulf states. The persecution of the Kurds by Saddam Hussein and the governments of Iran and Turkey has seen many peopl e flee the region, with the persecution of the Marsh Arabs of Iraq causing a population exodus from southern Iraq. During the Gulf War of 1990-91, many of the foreign workersShow MoreRelatedIslam and Continuities1628 Words   |  7 PagesChange Over Time Essay Prompts    8000 BCE to 600 CE †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Analyze the changes and continuities in major trading patterns within and among Classical civilizations; include their contacts, including religious, with adjacent regions. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Discuss the changes and continuities in the Silk Road trading network from 600 BCE – 1450 †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Discuss the changes and continuities that occurred in the roles and functions of cities in major societies from the Neolithic Revolution to 1450. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Trace andRead MoreCCOT And CC Essay1549 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿UNIT 1 /2 – 8000 bce – 600 bce, 600 bce – 600 ce Africa Compare and contrast life in foraging societies with life in agricultural societies after the Agricultural Revolution Identify two key changes in early African history that resulted in a new period in the history of the region The Middle East Analyze the political changes in the Middle East from the Agricultural Revolution to 600 c.e. Compare and contrast the basic features of TWO of the following religious systems prior to 600 c.e. PolytheismRead MoreThe Great Powers Of The United States1682 Words   |  7 Pagesin the Second World War, they fought their way back into the classification of great powers. Although this North-South relationship was well known - rhetoric on the subject dates back to the turn of the century- the rise of so called â€Å"middle† powers has reshaped the power structure of the entire globe. These â€Å"rising economies† included: Brazil, Russia, India, and China but also South Africa, Mexico, and South Korea. These rapidly developing nations led the way during the cold war, however, no longerRead MoreChanges Of Climate Change Across Earth1561 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Ice Age, was a period 1.8 mya- 10,000 ya marked by drastic fluctuations of climate change across Earth. The Pleistocene alternated between extreme periods of glaciations and interglacials. During glaciations, temperatures dropped drastically. In northern continents this drop in temperature led to mass accum ulations of ice, measuring nearly a mile thick; however, these glaciers were not seen everywhere. In Africa, glaciations led to more arid and dry climates. Interglacials, on the other hand, wereRead MoreThe United States Of The Middle East1204 Words   |  5 Pagesinitially had revolutionary slogans eventually took over power. However, these leaders did not strive to ensure that it was devolved to the masses. As such, the status of citizens reduced to that of aliens. The approach of the US strategy in the Middle East was to support Israel and to ensure status quo through endorsement of various autocratic leaders (Kivimà ¤ki 18). Thus, democracy was excluded in the United States card. The miseries of various citizens in the region were heightened following theRead MoreEssay on A Look Into Germany1390 Words   |  6 Pagesstretches across the North European plain from the Baltic Sea to the North Sea [2]. It consists of 16 states where Berlin, Bremen, and Hamburg are considered city-states. The country borders the Netherlands, Belgium and France towards the west. And Poland, Czech Republic in the east. The total area is about 357,021 square km which consists of 349,223 sq. km of land and 7798 square km of water. Germany’s coastline extends to about 2389 square km and the terrain is mostly lowlands in the north and uplands inRead MoreThe Future Of The European Union1451 Words   |  6 Pagesnext few years until the European economy wil l stabilize. Also, the EU will create new institutions and agencies to deal better with the current crisis. The second scenario is one where things do not change substantially. The EU will continue to function as it currently does without any significant changes or reforms and only offering standard and reasonable solutions to each crisis. In this scenario, the EU will try to deal with one problem at the time; the EU leaders will constantly be in fightingRead MoreThe Human Impact On Natural Environment1219 Words   |  5 Pagesirrigation, Deforestation, Urban and industrial activities, mining and exploitation of resources etc. All human causes are related to over population. Due to overpopulation there is great pressure on land and resources. According to Neo Malthusian, demographic pressure leads to overuse and misuse of resources (Malthus, 1798). Earlier desertification was only a natural formation but day by day humans are becoming responsible for it because of land mismanagements. One theory argues that resources underRead MoreEconomic Injustice During The Middle East And South Africa Essay2274 Words   |  10 Pages This paper is presented with the empirical investigation of the inequality of education opportunities, that are limitless, effected by economic injustice throughout the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). The inequality of opportunities, plays a significant role in the lack of educational achievements in the Middle East and MENA countries. Gender equality, poverty, and community can be significant reason on why younger adults are not given the opportunity for higher education or education overallRead MoreThe Egyptian Cultural Heritage Program Essay1167 Words   |  5 Pagesregional focus of research has been in North Africa and the Middle East, more specially he has conducted fieldwork in Egypt, Algeria, Lebanon and Jordan (UCL Institute of Archaeology). Hassan’s topical focus of research has been on origins of civilization and state-societies, climate change, cultural heritage management, water and civilization, and archaeological perspectives on Ethics (UCL Institute of Archaeology). Fekri Hassan has many publications his major articles include The Predynastic of

Foucault s Discipline And Punishment - 1211 Words

The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries experienced a surge of social reform movements linked to the Enlightenment, which transformed society into the modern culture seen today. Michel Foucault’s Discipline and Punish examines how punishment was viewed and enacted prior to the â€Å"humane† awakening of the eighteenth century, while establishing the progression of change that shifted punishment from the body to the soul. Foucault was a student and professor of philosophy and psychology during the twentieth century, which influenced his writings and political activism. Discipline and Punish is a result of his active participation in prison reform, in which he outlines the history of the modern penal system and how it is linked to modern society,†¦show more content†¦Spectacle and purposeful pain on the body was the norm of the time, however, Foucault contrasts this episode with a timetable for prisoners some eighty years later, a rigid schedule meant to control and reform the prisoner’s soul. By stating how â€Å"it was a time of great ‘scandals’ for traditional justice, a time of innumerable projects for reform,† (Foucault, 7) it becomes clear that the aim of these four parts are to gradually demonstrate how one follows the other. Torture of the body became punishment of the soul, which depended on discipline, ultimately creating the modern prison system. Foucault’s structure facilitates the audience to comprehend the forces behind this transformation. Part one, Torture ¸ elucidates how torture and execution was â€Å"an organized ritual for the marking of victims and the expression of the power that punishes.† (Foucault, 34) Within part two, Punishment ¸ the beginning of the â€Å"humanization† process is exposed by reform movements that called for a redisposition of power, the goal was â€Å"not to punish less, but to punish better.† (Foucault, 82) Thus was born the idea of a pr ison, a space where one’s soul could be corrected and reformed. Discipline presents how institutions were created in order to observe individuals’ behavior and to compare their behavior to the ‘norm’, and that perpetual observation could coerce people into this normative behavior. In this section, Foucault introduces Bentham’s

Ruthless Princeton Personal Essay Samples Strategies Exploited

Ruthless Princeton Personal Essay Samples Strategies Exploited The Hidden Facts About Princeton Personal Essay Samples While everyone needs to be different, personal statement examples can help you brainstorm ideas and provide you with somewhere to start. You will receive all types of assistance from us when it regards the personal statement. These responses provide clues about the type of person that you are and the sort of potential Princeton student you might be. Despite the fact that the author is a really gifted academic, he shows he isn't above flipping burgers. You should be concise with your essay, not compose an essay that's too long. Stephen's essay is rather effective. In addition, there are helpful comments about what works in each one of these essays. The potential methods for writing this essay are really endless, which is what makes this essay really fun since there is the capability to get really creative with the terms that you select. There's a particular procedure of how essays ought to be written. Superior writing is all about rewriting. Definitions of Princeton Personal Essay Samples A self-introduction essay is, in most instances, written employing the first-person standpoint. Keeping your own personal statement concise is particularly important on account of the limited character count. You might locate a lot of tips online on how best to compose a self-introduction essay, but here are a few tips that you might discover useful. Your solution shouldn't be a book report. After you've got to grips with the the inner workings of personal statements, have a look at our private statement examples here. Start here for some things you ought to keep in mind while writing your own personal statement. For those who haven't written one before, you should start with reading our tips about how to compose a personal statement. In accord with this, you can pick from our collection of private essay templates to spark a notion for you. People started to stare at me. Arguably the toughest portion of the US college application procedure is the admissions essay, or personal statement. In the event you find yourself stuck at the very first sentence of your Personal Statement, you'd probably wish to observe how this kind of work was done by other students to have ideas. Hence you have to have the very best help which you'll get from nursing school personal statement examples that you can readily get from our website. Your HawkID is needed to view these files. I t's the most suitable choice you've got if you really need to complete your assignments in time. Or, you can need to compose a personal statement as a portion of a work application. Bear in mind, the principal goal for your own personal statement is for it to further your work search. Understand your topic well and make certain you explain your points in easy and understandable language. Try to remember, your article should be cohesive, and a superb draft will help you in achieving it. My view is, it is dependent on what you do with this. Colleges are searching for a feeling of maturity and introspectionpinpoint the transformation and demonstrate your private growth. These seven sample essays respond to a selection of thought-provoking questions. A self-introduction essay outline can be simple to write, since all you need to do is to introduce yourself. This section has two examples of great college essays. You'll observe a similar structure in lots of the essays. All those texts were standard, very similar to one another, and not intriguing. Essays, generally, covers different topics. Personal essays, however, provide you with more freedom in contrast to the other sorts of essays. Professional writers share their tips all of the moment, some offering simple methods to present your opening an edge, while some stress the value of emotive introductions. The author starts with a rather in depth story of an event or description of an individual or place. Thus, in the event you apply to many institutions or courses, you'd want to compose a distinctive Personal Statement for every one of them. Nursing Personal Statement Sample Writing the fantastic Personal Statement Nursing Just because you've applied and you've got good grades behind you it doesn't mean you will get accepted into the accelerated nursing program that you desire. Personal Statement is going to do just fine. Personal Statement Briefly describe why you're well-suited for your function in the project described within this application. My shadowing experiences particularly have stimulated my curiosity and urge to find out more about the world around me. The main significance of a Personal Statement is to create known your ambitions, thoughts, passions and other skills which aren't available on your resume that will cause you to stick out from the crowd. All personal statements ought to be tailored to the part in question. Your own personal statement should highlight interesting sides of your journeynot tell your whole life story.

A Tough Decision Utilitarianism For and Against by Bernard Williams. free essay sample

A philosophical discussion regarding the thought process of Jim, the central character in this book and an examination of ethics. In this paper the author discusses Utilitarianism: For and Against, a book by the philosopher Bernard Williams. The author attempts to delve into the mind of Jim, and ultimately see how the story might end. In so doing he considers Jims mindset as a pacifist and how he rationalizes thoughts and deals with issues of ethics. The author then looks at the theories of Kant in order to assess whether Jims decision making would have been different if he had adopted Kants theories regarding free will. From the paper: There is little time for Jim to make his decision: He is in the unique position to decide the fate of twenty individuals. In a mind characterized by introspection and reflection many thoughts race by: He knows what he must do, but the distaste of the act of sacrificing one for the lives of the other nineteen is most distasteful to him. We will write a custom essay sample on A Tough Decision: Utilitarianism: For and Against by Bernard Williams. or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He tries to reduce the horrific act in front of him by rationalizing that he does not know any of these poor souls; that it is not as if the life of someone close to him were at stake.

Explain what Jesus taught his first followers about the meaning of discipleship Essay Example

Explain what Jesus taught his first followers about the meaning of discipleship Essay We learn from Marks Gospel that there are several elements to discipleship: the call, the task and the cost. The word disciple means pupil or one who learns. A disciple tries to mould their lives to be like the teacher, in this case Jesus. The first thing we learn about discipleship is the call. The call was when Jesus sought out his disciples and called them over to him. There was an immediate response, showing that discipleship means to follow without second thoughts. Jesus called his chosen disciples and they left everything to be with him. Like when Jesus called over the two fishermen, Simion and his brother Andrew (Mark 1 vv 16-20) Jesus disciples were not rich or clever. Most were poor and uneducated. This shows another meaning to discipleship, everyone is welcome, anybody can be a disciple. The disciples were just ordinary working men showing that Jesus message is for all. We will write a custom essay sample on Explain what Jesus taught his first followers about the meaning of discipleship specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Explain what Jesus taught his first followers about the meaning of discipleship specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Explain what Jesus taught his first followers about the meaning of discipleship specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Not only did the disciples follow Jesus physically, they followed him spiritually as well. This means they were taught a new way of thinking and followed Jesus teachings. This is also another meaning of discipleship; to follow the teacher, Jesus, spiritually. An example of this is when Jesus speaks to James and John about being great (Mark 10 vv 35-45). The next thing we learn about discipleship is the tasks- mission (Mark 6 vv 7-13) and commission (Mark 16 vv 14-18). Their basic task was to preach the message as far and wide and to as many people as possible. The disciples were to do three things: 1) preach repentance 2) cast out devils 3) they were to cure the sick. Firstly the disciples were sent out on the mission. Jesus sent out his disciples two by two and they were to preach the word of God far and wide. They were sent out in twos, this shows that discipleship is dangerous and not to be taken for granted. They were given staffs to keep safe with, again outlining the danger of discipleship. The disciples were told by Jesus to wear sandals, normally they would have gone bare footed but they were to protect their feet from the long, rough roads. This shows that discipleship is a long and bumpy journey, with ups and downs. They were not to waste their time on the people who would not listen and therefore should move on somewhere else, this is because discipleship includes an immediate response and there should be no excuses. The disciples had to show faith that all their needs would be provided for. This shows that discipleship means showing faith. Next the disciples were sent out on the commission. Jesus sent out his disciples throughout the whole world preaching the word of God to everyone. This shows that discipleship means travelling and accepting orders. The disciples are assured that they will be able to perform miracles and speak strange tongues, this is important as it shows discipleship is for everyone. Next, we learn about the cost and rewards of discipleship. The job of a disciple was very difficult and very demanding so therefore came at a great cost. Disciples would give up their jobs and families just to be with Jesus. This shows another meaning of discipleship, to put God first. As a result, all the things they had given up, the disciples would receive one hundred times more in heaven, as a reward. One of Jesus phrases was to carry cross; this could mean either to death or just to put up with things that you may not be satisfied with. This shows that discipleship means to death or to the end. The disciples were to put up with all of the things they were not happy with and therefore would be rewarded in heaven. Another of Jesus phrases was follow me; Jesus meant for the disciples to follow him right to the end no matter what costs. This could also have meant for the disciples to stick by Jesus when he was being trialled and tortured. Jesus was teaching his disciples that the meaning of discipleship was to be loyal. Discipleship is a very difficult thing and some disciples were not happy by it, for example Peter was not happy and confronted Jesus and said he had given up everything follow him (Mark 10 vv 28-31). This story teaches that Discipleship is not easy but will be worthwhile at the end. Part 2 Describe and explain how Christians today can put this teaching into practice. (14 marks) Christians still attempt to follow what Jesus taught In the Bible. They have a call, a task, and the cost. An important part of discipleship is the call; many Christians today have a call. Some receive an actual voice from God informing them on how to lead their lives. But most receive a feeling or more of an instinct which can be described as a call. Anyone can be called, anyone from famous people to ordinary people, this shows that discipleship is for everyone. An example of a famous person is Mother Teresa. Missionaries, Priests and Vicars all claim to have been called at one point. A call needs an immediate response there must be no excuses. Modern Christians follow Jesus physically and spiritually. Christians today follow Jesus physically by going to church and giving to charity. They follow him spiritually by following his teachings and setting a good example. They are willing to learn. They should put others first, a good example of this is marriage because you start to put your partner and children before you. Just like how the first disciples had the mission and commission Christians today have a task. They spread the word of God as far and as wide as possible. This can be achieved by printing Bibles in different languages or by preaching in different languages, similar to how the first disciples spoke in strange tongues. The first disciples drove out demons, today Christians help heal the sick, and an example of this is the Samaritans. They educate the young on Jesus and his teachings either through Sunday Schools or Church Schools. Some people, like missionaries, feel their task is more vocal and try to spread the word of God all over the world. Jesus taught us to put God before possessions and nowadays people like missionaries like to carry as little as possible. The cost is the hardest part of discipleship, but will be worthwhile in the end. Missionaries give up their families and homes in order to go and preach the message. Charity workers give up their time and effort in order to do well and follow Jesus teachings. Most Christians give up their Sunday mornings to visit church and maybe a few pounds to the collection or charity box. Even today, in the 21st Century, Christians in foreign countries die for their belief. Christians today get called for their beliefs or for going to church or a church school. A part of Christian belief is Lent and Christians give up items. Although the cost is extremely difficultly it is more than repaid for by its rewards Missionaries and Vicars can sleep at night with the relief and satisfaction of knowing they have done good. Even when ordinary Christians donate a little money to charity a sense of self pride is achieved which can match up to any amount of money achieved by working. After a Christians life on Earth is over their rewards continue in heaven. Part 3 Every Christian should be ready to die for their faith Do you agree or Disagree. I believe Christians should be ready to die for their faith because Jesus died for Christians and Christians should follow in his footsteps and die for their faith too. Jesus warned his first disciples that they may have to die for their faith in Mark 8vv34 9vv1 and many did go on to do so like Peter, James and Paul for example. Jesus tells his disciples to take up their cross and follow him. This means to spiritually pick up a cross as if all ready knowing the consequences of their belief. In foreign countries like Pakistan or Sudan Christians are murdered and persecuted, people in more civilized areas of the world should use this as a role model and be prepared. Christians believe in the resurrection and feel they will encounter one also. If this is the case then if a Christian dies for their faith it is not the end and will be worthwhile and if all of the Christians decided against dieing for their faith then this shows that Christianity doesnt mean much and there will no longer be any faith. They live their lives for their faith by going to church and giving to charities and surely if all of this is worth living for it must be worth dieing for. Christians should not be ready to die for their faith because religious wars and battles over time and that still go on today see innocent people killed. All of the bloodshed and anger that is caused is not part of Christian belief and surely was not taught by Jesus. Jesus meant for a Christian to die spiritually not physically. He wanted them to give up all their old ways of living and make way for a new way. The followers of Islam have been taught to not fear death. If they are not showing respect for life and death this is a bad thing and we dont want Christians to be in the same situation. Dieing for ones faith produces nothing but trouble and needless deaths. This point is proven when we look at the situation in Northern Ireland when people are killing for their belief, and murdering is not in the bible. All the killing and crime produced only creates a feeling that religion is bad and should not be bothered with. Jesus is not saying you have to die but just to be prepared. Jesus taught us to live in peace and to spread the word. The word cannot be spread if youre dead. Jesus died for the future of Christianity. Why should Christians die for the same reason? In conclusion to this I feel Christians should NOT be prepared to die for their faith. I feel it achieves nothing but anger and heartache and leads to more needless deaths. Christians should follow their religion in other ways like going to church and spreading the word and should not be ready or preparing to die for what they feel is right.

buy custom Self-Assessment Portfolio essay

buy custom Self-Assessment Portfolio essay Self-assessment helps an individual to evaluate his/her achievements in a given period. To write this portfolio, I did five tests: personality, motivation, team player, communication and leadership ones. Particular attributes of people define what they can do best and how they handle issues. In this self-assessment portfolio, I reflected the results obtained from assessment tests and evaluate how the results will apply in my business career. Results of the first test show that I have an ESTJ personality. It means that I am an extroverted person with honesty and good administrative skills. By being an extrovert, I am able to communicate with other people and learn from them. Social skills help a lot in business management since a person can interact with all the stakeholders of an organization. By interplaying with customers one can identify problems as soon as they happen. My personality proves that I am an assertive person when it comes to making decisions. This quality means that I am confident of actions that I take (ESTJ personality, n.d.). I want to be successful in business management in the future. Being in business requires one to be persistent and make wise decisions. Assertiveness also helps an individual to be a good leader. My personality results also show that while making judgment I would think critically to arrive at the solution rather than consider my emotions and feeling. One should always separate personal feelings from activities of the business. Emotions can cause wrong decisions and choices, thus they should take less consideration. The second test was the motivation one which shows that I am basically motivated by three main attributes: teamwork, autonomy and mastery (Motivational test, n.d.). I like to wor as a team player, and understand that the energy created within a group of people is crucial. In business such quality provides a channel of sharing ideas. The team gives a wide range of alternatives when solving a problem, and thus it helps the leaders in coming up with the most appropriate solution. Team-oriented managers win the loyalty of their employees, and, therefore, they are getting motivated to work harder. Therefore, being a team player will help me in my career as a businessman. I am a person who is motivated by challenging situations. They improve my mastery and help me to be knowledgeable in a certain field. I take advantage of working in a challenging environment thus it help me to enhance my skills and professional competence. I am proud of completing demanding and complicated task. By having such a quality, I can manage a business in a competitive environment. The third test was on communication style. According to its results I am aggressive and assertive in intercourse. I express my needs and ideas directly. This quality shows that I understand myself perfectly, and always know what I want. Being assertive means, I consider others while expressing a point of view by critically analyzing the importance of their opinion. With this type of intercourse any party can win; it is not necessary that people should follow my opinions at all times. Effective communication in business helps to build a strong partnership that is key to success of any company. Timely intercourse helps management to solve issues on time. Wherever there is effective communication there is good flow of information that integrates the organization and enables it to run efficiently (Communication style test, n.d.). The fourth test was a team-player one. It showed that I like working as a team because I understand that this helps in sharing ideas. While working in a team I listen to others but also want the same to be done in response. I always respect oopinions of every individual in a group and take advantage of learning from them. I am patient, kind and very responsible. I always take my time to ensure that everyone is doing well and help those who remain behind. Teamwork increases creativity in the workplace, it improves the quality and establishes a healthy relationship between employees and management. A group works more quickly rather than individuals. In business environment there are activities that require people to work alone, but most of the projects perform better n case of group work. (Are you a team player?, n.d.). The last test was on leadership. The results describe me as an ambassador, creative builder, truth-seeker, people mover and an advocate. As an ambassador, I can handle a lot of situations with patience and grace. As an advocate, I can represent a group of individuals and be their spokesman. As a people mover, I can motivate workers and build a team of hardworking employees. I am a leader who seeks the truth before making judgments. Being fair in judgment will help me while evaluating employees' actions. It is always important to understand individuals background and personality before judging their actions (Galford Maruca, n.d.). Thus, self-assessment portfolio has helped me to understand my position in terms of leadership, communication, teamwork, motivation and personality. My results show that I am on the right track of becoming a successful businessman in the future. With the above mentioned leadership skill, I can manage a corporation that is diverse in terms of production and human resource. I am a self-motivated person who is capable of stimulating others during the business process. I can also work well in a team and help to build good working relationships among individuals. Being an extroverted person helps an individual in socializing and learning from others (Reddy Appannaiah, 2010). Buy custom Self-Assessment Portfolio essay

Single Professional Code in the Construction Industry Essay

Single Professional Code in the Construction Industry - Essay Example Interestingly, there are apparent moves on the part of contractors to promote ethical codes in their own backyard. Considering this innovation, it is being entertained if creating a single professional code under the umbrella of the construction industry is feasible and practical. (Society of Construction Law Hong Kong. Events by Other Organizations. 7th May 2008, [internet]). As a matter of fact, there have been initiatives to the effect of adopting a single ethical code for unorganized groups working within the coverage of construction law. (Franklin, Kim. Ethical gauntlet thrown down in pursuit of construction code. Architects' Journal. EMAP Architecture. 2004. [internet]). On the question of feasibility, it is believed that there are no hindrances or hitches in consolidating the various standards of conduct among the different callings or disciplines with the end in view of covering the professional relationships between all concerned parties in construction projects. This will be a matter of crafting the papers which will address all the ethical concerns of persons or entities in the construction industry and which will guide all those involved in every project. However, in the meantime, the consolidated version does not have to encroach on the ethical code of each individual organization. In short, the new code will be something like an amalgamation of the individual codes which will be applicable in the inter-actions and inter-relations of the covenanting parties in construction undertakings. As to whether the plan for a single ethical code is practical or not, it is opined that it will be so, the reason being that any party who needs clarification or is in doubt may readily refer to only one set of deliberated and agreed standards, that is, the new single code of ethics. Whatever it will be, the more important consideration is that the so-called seven principles of public office may be covered in the new single convention as the main guiding icons for construction professionals, practitioners and other participants, thus: honesty, fairness, integrity, objectivity, reliability, accountability and leadership. (Seven principles of public office. Standards - Related Information. www.parliament.uk. [internet]). Putting all these virtues together in one array of dictums in the building industry for the players to observe, follow and obey under pain of reasonable sanctions will greatly instil good behaviour and wholesome attitude. In the process, performance will be enhanced a nd the positive results will naturally redound to the benefit of the stakeholders. Honesty has very significant repercussions in construction projects. One example is in the case of bribery, a form of dishonesty. If a contractor makes illegal special deals with environment regulators, he puts at stake the welfare of the people. This becomes relevantly true today owing to the current global sentiments over climate phenomena. Other classes of dishonesty in the construction industry are fraudulent claims, kickbacks or illegal and immoral commissions, and forgery of pertinent documents, among others. The exercise of fairness among the players in the construction industry necessarily boosts morale among its key players who will thereby work harder and more effectively. On the other hand, if a contractor, for instance, is biased in favour of a sub-contractor, the

Brand analysis report BONDS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Brand analysis report BONDS - Essay Example However, the brand’s decision to sack Australian workers and move operations overseas has negatively affected its brand equity. In order to further enhance its brand equity, BONDS is also required to innovate further the way its competitor aussieBum is. Finally, it needs to further develop and strengthen its brand positioning rather than relying on its heritage. Customers must also be assured that the brand is â€Å"Australian† as the Country-of-Origin and â€Å"Made In† effect can have a huge impact on the brand equity of BONDS. Table of Contents 1.Introduction 3 2.Brand positioning and values 5 3.Brand characteristics 7 4.Customer Benefits 8 5.Brand Communities 9 6.Brand equity 10 8.Reflection 14 1. Introduction BONDS is an underwear brand based in Australia that has become a national icon and has existed for over 98 years. Initially targeted at men’s underwear, the company aims at providing â€Å"shorts, trunks and low rise† underwear (Dugg.com.a u, 2003-2011). Therefore, the main product initially was underwear in a variety of shapes, sizes and colors. Both conventional and contemporary styles are offered by the company to ensure high level of comfort to its customers. The company’s iconic product was The Chesty Bond. Over the years, the company has expanded its product range to including clothing including sportswear and maternity clothing. As of today, BONDS offers not just underwear but clothing for kids, women and babies. As far as the customers of BONDS are concerned, the company focuses on individuals who have a highly active life or work in occupations resulting in high levels of sweating (Dugg.com.au, 2003-2011). Keeping this in mind, the fabric used in the underwear has high absorption capacity that keeps the underwear area dry for long periods of time. (Dugg.com.au, 2003-2011) The elastic bands used on the underwear specifically cater to customers’ need for comfortable fitting and expandability. One of the major competitors of BONDS is aussieBum which produces is underwear in Australia. In 2009, aussieBum’s sales increased by an astounding 40% in the midst of the sacking of Australian workers by BONDS (Stephenson, 2009). The company’s decision to move its operations to China have strengthened the sales of its competitor-aussieBum (Stephenson, 2009). This is because aussieBum’s marketing strategy focuses on highlighting the fact that its products are â€Å"Made in Australia†. Therefore, aussieBum’s recent advertisements that bear the slogan â€Å"Australian made by choice† have capitalized on the loss of customer faith in BONDS after it decided to sack Australian workers (Stephenson, 2009). Another major competitor in Australia is Aldi which is a discount supermarket chain in Australia offering the convenience of online shopping. Aldi’s fairly high geographical distribution in Australia along with a diverse product range makes it a strong competitor for BONDS (Euromonitor International, 2012). Furthermore, local department stores such as Kmart, Target and Myer continue to serve as competitors for BONDS given their own-label brands, low prices and ability to cater to a wide variety of customer segments including women and children. Furthermore, these departmental stores benefit from the high customer traffic from customers who come to shop for everyday use items such as grocery. Therefore, chances are high that customers would prefer to buy underwear and other clothing from these department stores due to the convenience they offer.

The Debate About The Fall Of Rome History Essay

The Debate About The Fall Of Rome History Essay The debate about the fall of Rome and the way it happened is a centuries-old one and its vitality has been undiminished over the years. The traditional theory has the Roman Empire being violently overturned by barbarian Germanic tribes who started invading en masse during the last years of the fourth century. That wasnt the first time that the Empire had to deal with pressure on its borders, but this time it eventually collapsed because it had already declined as a civilization due to internal problems. The first scholar to support this line of thought was Gibbon in the late eighteenth century. His great, multi-volume, work goes by the title The Decline and fall of the Roman Empire, which speaks for itself as for its writers thoughts (?). He argued that the most important cause which brought about the end of the Roman Empire was the expansion and gradual predominance of Christianity. First, the new religion and the structures that came with it (such as the church and the monasteries) interfered with the distribution of wealth inside the Empire, by accumulating it in institutions that were inaccessible by the state.  [1]  Second, its pacifist ideology reduced the armys will to fight and its theology corrupted the classical ideals through the spread of superstition.  [2]   Another scholar arguing along the same lines was Rostovtzeff. He states the Late Empire was in retrogradation?, a sad and decadent remnant of its former self, partly because of the increase in absolutism during the reigns of Diocletian and Constantine and the emperors who succeeded them. Together with Gibbon, his arguments form the core of the traditional theory, which puts stress especially on the issue of decline as the main reason which made the disintegration of the empire, as a political entity, eventually inevitable.  [3]  Due to the work of these two scholars, the Fall of Rome has ended up being seen as something like the platonic idea of decline.  [4]   Along with the traditional theory, we should consider the work of a more recent scholar. Following the same methodological path as Rostovtzeff, Jones credited the barbarians with the destabilization and collapse of the Roman Empire. Their invasions, he argues, should be seen as a destructive agent which placed strain on the Roman administration.  [5]  At the same time, in a well-known passage, he speaks of a large part of the population that was consuming without producing anything, such as senators, soldiers and the clergy. These idle mouths, as he calls them, partly a result of barbarian pressure again, at least as far as the army was concerned, was the main reason for the economic waning of the Late Empire.  [6]   Jones contribution was twofold. To begin with, he proposed a new chronological period, extending further than 476, the date traditionally considered as signaling the moment of death of the Roman Empire. His ending date was 602, the year of the emperor Maurices death as he strongly believed that the Roman Empire continued its existence, albeit geographically diminished, in the East, at least until the advent of the Slavic tribes in the Balkans at the end of the sixth century.  [7]  This way, he managed to provide a connection between late- and post-Roman societies, hinting that there might have been a causal relation between the two.  [8]  Secondly, he breathed new life in a period that was all but put aside by his contemporaries as of not much particular interest and after him scholars gradually started to perceive the Late Roman Empire in its own right.  [9]   This was countered by traditionalists in 2005 with the publication of a book under the title The fall of Rome and the end of civilization. In this book, the author Bryan Ward-Perkins is arguing fervently that the fall of Rome was a violent experience for the people involved, which involved much bloodshed and catastrophe.  [10]  It was centered more on radical change than gradual transformation and was characterized by decline and resulted in a decline in civilized values which actually that a number of Roman cultural achievements were lost.  [11]   Although this view has its merits and should not be discredited without consideration, it needs to be examined carefully because it conceals the danger of oversimplification. First, it can be argued that the author has gone too far with his emphasis on violence and catastrophe. Violence, no matter how hard on a society, is not by principle an agent of radical change which rules out any chance of transformation. Human history is full of violence and it would be surprising if the fourth and fifth centuries did not involve any at all. Despite Ward-Perkins vivid depictions, much of what was considered Roman did not disappear with the Empire. Roman qualities, such as a literate culture, can be shown to have survived as late as the seventh century, proving that the devastating barbaric invasions did not actually have such a devastating effect after all.  [12]   Stemming from that, we should examine if there was a specific moment in time when Rome actually fell. If we cannot point out such an instance, then we should regard it as a more gradual process. Italy, for example, shows that society was able to maintain its order in the face of much devastation.  [13]  And if, as Ward-Perkins himself admits, there was no single moment, not even a single century of collapse  [14]  , then we should discard catastrophist theories as inadequate and try more. We should also keep in mind that the author comes from an archaeological milieu  [15]  and, as a result, most of his proof comes from the study of material evidence.  [16]  Archaeologists of the period tend to be advocates of the notion of decline more often than historians, mainly because such a decline is much more evident in the material remains of the Late Roman era.  [17]  In addition to that we have to be careful with the origin the evidence. In the case of Ward-Perkins, he doesnt hesitate to support his theory on data from Britain,  [18]  but Brittania (i.e. the part of Britain which was conquered by the Romans) had never been the archetypal Roman province. So Britain is far from being the typical example of what happened after the Romans had left the island, particularly given the fact that we can find other provinces of the Roman Empire, which shared a completely different fate, such as Egypt and Syria.  [19]  When talking strictly about the west, one has to be extremely cautious when trying to combine both the archaeological data with historical sources that might give the impression of continuity. One way approaches, such as the one only just discussed, will not do. Late Antiquity With good reason one might ask what the need of such a dramatic reassertion of the traditional view on the fall of the Roman Empire. The word traditional itself implies the existence of an opposite, neoteric theory. In 1971, Peter Brown published a book which defied all the assumptions of the traditionalist school.  [20]  His book The world of Late Antiquity: from Marcus Aurelius to Muhammad argues about continuity, transformation, cultural and religious renewal. The enthusiasm that the book was met with in academic circles, especially in the United States, resulted in the banishment of terms as catastrophe, change, crisis and decline.  [21]  Brown was influenced by the views of an earlier scholar, Henri-Irà ©nà ©e Marrou, who argued that late antique art had not deteriorated and that it should be looked at in its own terms. Brown was influenced by the work of Henri Pirenne. In his works the Belgian scholar supported that there was continuity to be found in terms of long-distance trade in the Mediterranean which was not affected by the barbarian invasions but collapsed with the great Arabic conquests of the seventh century.  [22]  Brown placed a new stress on the period resulted in a recent rethinking of Pirennes views through the prism of the newly proposed notion of continuity.  [23]   Finally, Brown could also be considered an influence because, as we saw earlier, he was the first to propose a causal connection between the Late Roman Empire and the post-Roman era. Thus, given the entailed predominance of continuity which was easily detected in themes such as art and religious belief, a new historical period has been founded with its own characteristics, that of Late Antiquity,  [24]  in which some of the basics of classical civilization still survived  [25]  . Its boundaries stress from the third to the eighth century, but they are still unfixed, with every writer proposing different dates, according to the issues they deal with. Brown relied heavily on the methods of historical psychology and psychoanalysis. This methodological innovation is a general trend among scholars of Late Antiquity, particularly those in the United States. They have more or less identified themselves with the kind of history that falls outside the scope of socio-economic history. For example, the history of Christianity has proven very fertile for studying Late Antiquity, especially the effects it has had on different aspects of human life, such as death, sexuality and the family.  [26]  Thus, this school of thought has made astonishing contributions in such fields as gender and culture history, the history of mentalities and of popular belief. Such methods, however, often tend to function with no respect to periodization and as such they lead to fragmentation.  [27]   Indeed, the work of these scholars shows more emphasis towards individuals and their perspectives than to the society they live in.  [28]  As a consequence, post-modernist theories concerning source analysis have relied heavily on the works of scholars after Brown, while, in the meantime, the old philological approach has been largely abandoned. Ancient texts are dealt with not so much for their narrative value, but as agents the mentality of their authors.  [29]  Of course, works exclusively focused on different authors have a lot to offer to the ongoing discussion of the period, but dogged commitment to them might create a handicap for our understanding of the period as a whole.  [30]   Furthermore, partly as a response to the traditional view of catastrophe, scholars of Late Antiquity have been particularly keen on seeing continuity and transformation. But this attitude can be harmful in two ways. First, the notion of continuity seems to have an overshadowing effect on the particularity of issues in a certain period. If everything is proven to carry on from the past not changed in the least, then historical periods will automatically lose their individual tone, by which it is defined.  [31]  Simultaneously, by relying to heavily historical sources (as they provide ampler evidence for continuity) we may be overturned by the findings of archaeological research (in the way Ward-Perkins was). Second, emphasis on continuity and transformation is the expulsion of their opposites from contemporary history books. Terms such as crisis and decline seem to have been anathematized in modern research and this has started to raise objections, even by scholars who are not polemicists of continuity itself.  [32]  Powerful words like these falling into disuse can only be detrimental for historiography. These terms are usually avoided because of their moral implications, and it is somehow assumed that if there is decline someone needs to be charged with it.  [33]  But we always have to bear in mind that history is a science and historians should concentrate purely on the facts of their research. Nevertheless, Late Antiquitys impact shouldnt be confined within strict scientific limits. Continuity along with transformation, apart from being objects of historiographical debate, is also too powerful of terms to be overlooked by contemporary politicians. From 1993 to 1998 a large research project, funded by the European Science Foundation (ESF), brought together scholars from across Europe. Its title was Transformation of the Roman World and its aim was to provide a widely accepted interpretation of the fall of Rome, along the lines of a smooth passage to what was to become todays Europe.  [34]  Two thousand years after Augustus history is being repeated: the European Union is commissioning its poets to create its own foundation myth. Late Antiquity is a new period that has had to carve its way bravely into powerful, deep-rooted views of modern historiography, much like the barbarians who had to carve their kingdoms fighting against the mighty Roman Empire. But unlike the former, somewhere along the way it had to make sacrifices which rendered it less effective as a means of interpretation and more limited in its scope. Also, it came to associate itself with allies with political agendas, who might have promoted it, but in the long term damaged somewhat its credibility in terms of objectivity. After all that, it is not surprising that Avril Cameron, a great advocate of the Brown school, herself admits Late Antiquity is in danger of having become an exotic territory, just before suggesting that it should be tested also in the fields of economic and administrative history.  [35]   Pekepersonal thekerkerethoughts-synthesis/LA+med west Thus far, weve witnessed in brief a powerful debate: Ward-Perkins book came as a vivid reaction to a whole school of thought formed around Browns work, which itself was another dramatic response to an older tradition. But extremism is inherent in violent reactions, because only through opposition one side can define itself and stand out in relation to its adversaries. Naturally, the existence of opposition itself should not lead us to believe that one side is absolutely right, while the other is absolutely wrong (and in most cases they are not). Rather, it should direct us towards an evaluation of the new conclusions that emerged from the conflict and setting the problem on a new base. However, it should be noted that both books have something in common: they are heavily focused on different geographical areas, where their conclusions seem to be more frequently affirmed. This way, Brown was able to find plenty of continuity in the eastern part of the Empire, while Ward-Perkins discovered a great deal of catastrophe in its former western provinces. As Jones had underlined long before those two, historians often tend to forget that only a part of the Roman Empire actually fell to the barbarians.  [36]  So, nothing would be amiss if things were so well defined, but they are not. And although it seems that Late Antiquity is better suited for early Byzantine history, there are also those medieval scholars who deem it rewarding to try their hand at the concepts that this new approach brought with it. Late Antiquity and early medieval history One of these was jean claude van dam (the muscles from brussels) mouahahhahahaha Late Antiquity and the barbarians The exclusion of notions of violence and catastrophe from the debates concerning the fourth and fifth centuries, which Late Antiquity scholars promoted, created a historiographical vacuum and a way had to be found for depicting the relations between the Roman Empire and the new arrivals. If violence could not be used to describe them, then the sources had to be searched for a different sort of evidence. The subsequent reexamination of the sources gave birth to the notion of accommodation. The first scholar to do that was Walter Goffart. In a well-known book,  [37]  published in 1980, he described in detail the way that the barbarians were settled on Roman lands. According to Goffart a fairly straightforward arrangement between the late Roman administration and the barbarian tribes can be derived from the sources. The critical feature of this arrangement was that the Empire relinquished its rights on the taxation of the region in which a group of barbarians were settled and instead those taxes would be collected by the barbarians. However, according to this theory, there was no expropriation of land, no partition of it to smaller units to be apportioned and no need for extra money from the tax payers.  [38]  The only one who had something to lose in the process would be the central administration and this definitely helps explain the fact that there is no sign of any noteworthy resistance from the local population in the regions where the barbarians were settle d in this way.  [39]   The aforementioned theory was further elaborated by Durliat. After analyzing the sources rigorously, he managed to take Goffarts theory one step further. He argued that land tax in the Late Roman Empire amounted to no more than 20% of the harvest and it was collected and administered by the curiales. They split it in three and kept one third for their citys expenses. The other two thirds were then sent to Rome to be used for the needs of the army and the central administration. With the advent of the barbarians, this system was very conveniently transformed to accommodate them: the curiales no longer sent anything to Rome but instead conferred the appropriate amount to the barbarian group that happened settle in their citys administrative region. Furthermore, he argued that this modus operandi continued unaffected after the fall of the western Roman Empire, in the different successor-states, until the collapse of the Carolingian Empire.  [40]   This theoretical synthesis was attractive to scholars, not only due to its clarifying simplicity and astonishing applicability, but also because it served to explain the lack of any negative sentiment in the sources. The importance of it becomes clearer, if we take under consideration that actually there were complaints on the part of the sources, wherever the barbarians had not settled peacefully but by force.  [41]  As we saw earlier, the curiales were unconcerned if two thirds of the land tax changed recipients, as long as they were still obtaining their part undiminished. One can easily imagine the effect that this argument had on the debate on continuity, especially since it was centered on Western Europe. Of course, this theory didnt fail to raise some eyebrows. Liebeschà ¼tz criticized Durliats arguments on a twofold basis. First, he doubts that late Roman cities actually collected for themselves any part of the imperial taxes and second, he argues quite convincingly that such an agreement would eventually provide little actual security to the settling barbarians, as security is usually better ensured through direct property of the land, than through any fiscal rights. Whats more, it seems perfectly reasonable to assume that it was exactly this security that the barbarians were looking for and of course, their position of power during the last centuries of the Roman Empire made sure that they were not likely to settle for anything less.  [42]   Moreover, Durliats theory was commented on further in an article in 1998.  [43]  There, Wickham analysis Durliats arguments and dismisses them one by one. Initially, he disagrees that the strict fiscal meaning which the latter ascribes to terms such as possessors and fundus is actually the one intended by the legislators of the fourth and the fifth century and in so doing he undermines the theory from the beginning. But he goes on to challenge other aspects such as the idea that Church constituted a part of the state administration in the post-Roman kingdoms (and thus church property consisted only of fiscal lands) and the view that servus is the term used to suggest a free landowner. By providing hard evidence following the chronological order (Late Empire, Romano-Germanic Kingdoms, Carolingian Empire), Wickham manages to discredit convincingly the arguments about fiscal continuity throughout this period. But, it should be noted that in the end of his article, where he discusses briefly the issue of continuity, he states that while he is not averse to it himself, it should not be considered tantamount to complete absence of change.  [44]   However, the predominance of continuity does not sit well with terms like barbarian invasions and Germanic immigration. So, historians had to find ways to circumvent this problem; they started by looking at the ethnic identities of the Germanic peoples, because it could be argued for example that there was no clear-cut sense of common identity between barbarian groups, such as the Goths, or some common characteristics that defined Germanic then it would be possible to downplay the importance of the aforementioned terms. This way, Late Antiquity affected another heated debate (and in the meantime was affected by it); that of European national identities. The contribution of Walter Goffart has been essential at this point. Apart from fiscal continuity, in his Barbarians and Romans, he was also arguing about against the existence of definite ethnic identities among the barbarians. Another centuries-old historiographic tradition before him interpreted the movements of the Germanic tribes according to contemporary political ideas.  [45]  For example, before the Second World War, Kossina had argued that there was a separate, identifiable culture to be associated with every Germanic tribe we come across in the sources and in 1961 Wenskus had maintained that there was a core of tradition carried by the elite of each barbarian group, according to which the whole mass of the tribe was defined.  [46]  But, according to Goffart migrations have served as the factual underpinnings of early Germanic unity.  [47]  Thus, if he could prove that no such unity actually existed, the migration and invasion theories would lose all sense. Indeed, he argues for a short history of these peoples oblivion was a result of translocation. The common past of these peoples at any point stressed as back as the time before their last migration.  [48]  He refuses to use sources of the sixth century such as Jordanes because, in his opinion, they only reflect the ideas of their own times and cannot be trusted for their evidence of the distant past.  [49]  Finally, after taking under consideration also the deductions of archaeological research, he thinks that, if one wanted to look at the discontinuity provoked by the advent of the barbarians, he should definitely put the emphasis on Rome and its security. It was the appeal that the Empire had on the barbarians and not their own expansionist agendas that brought about the fall, in an imaginative experiment that got a little out of hand.  [50]   It is therefore clear that Late Antiquity has given historiography of ethnic identities new areas of research to explore. This process gets even more complicated with the interference of modern international politics and historians of the Early Middle Ages recently find themselves and their research at the center of contemporary political debates  [51]  . One can discern a pseudo-history in the making, which serves political and nationalistic purposes in the sense that it tries to define distinct nations that were created centuries ago once and for all. Another assumption is that by right these nations should form separate political entities, according to their defined ethnicity and territory.  [52]   To sum up, the search for continuity of the Late Antique scholars might not have been successful in the field of fiscal policies and accommodation but it ascertained the fact that we cannot presume long histories and ethnic identities of the Germanic peoples. This certainly confirmed transformation instead of catastrophe and crisis for some aspects of the fourth and fifth centuries but it surely proved that there was much discontinuity and heterogeneity concerning the notion of identity.  [53]  And since the Early Middle Ages are of such a great importance in the international political stage, scholars of the period should benefit from the results of research in this field in order to prevent their academic field from becoming a plaything in the hands of international politics. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Projecting their own experiences on another period of time (as historians often do)

Living with Asthma :: Medical Medicine Respiratory Essays

Living with Asthma missing works cited The weather in Boston is just beginning to feel cooler as Maeve Vaillancourt, a Northeastern University sophomore rushes to her first class of the day. Although she is already behind schedule, she huddles in a corner to take a dose of her Abuterol inhaler, then finishes her ten-minute walk and slips into class late. â€Å"I hate taking my inhaler in public, because it is embarrassing, but after quick walks like that, I need to or else I feel as if I can’t breathe,† said Vaillancourt. Vaillancourt has been suffering from asthma since she was diagnosed at the age of 9. She is one of 18.2 million adults age 18 years and older with this illness according to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Over seven million children ages 0-17 have asthma. Asthma is a chronic disease of the respiratory system that leads to inflammation of the bronchial tubes, resulting in difficulty carrying air to the lungs. Asthma greatly affects an individual’s breathing, and can place severe restrictions on daily life. During asthma attacks, which may be triggered by weather, allergens, exercise, the individuals’ ability to breathe becomes difficult. As a young, active college student, Vaillancourt’s battle with asthma plays a role in her day-to-day life, beyond just her walks to class. â€Å"I don’t think of inhalers as medicine. I bring it out everywhere; itis like a wallet, or cash,† said Vaillancourt, who suffers from mild asthma. â€Å"If I don’t bring it out, I panic and actually make my asthma worse.† Like most who suffer mild asthma, Vaillancourt is prescribed two inhalers. One is a preventative inhaler, Advair; and the other is her emergency inhaler, Albuterol. Advair is used to prevent an attack from occurring. It contains the steroid, fluticasone, which prevents inflammation that leads to asthma attacks; and salmeterol, which is abronchodilator, to relax muscles to improve breathing.Albuterol is also a bronchodilator, used to treat bronchospasms as they are occurring. Vaillancourt takes Advair, her preventative inhaler, and once in the morning and once before she goes to bed, as well as before exercising. Although she knows it is important Vaillancourt said she â€Å"often has trouble remembering and keeping up with taking the inhaler.† Vaillancourt has noticed that since she has been living in Boston and consistently walking, especially in cool weather, she is more likely to remember her inhalers since she is more likely to need them.

Freedom of speech Essay

Freedom of speech and the liberty to uphold oneÂ’s expression has long been the subject of many debates. It has taken centuries if not years for mankind to come to a point where many can easily voice their opinions without having to ponder over the consequences. But one should always know where to draw the line. Freedom of expression also needs to have its limits. Two of the masterminds who put forth their work on liberty and freedom of speech were John Stuart Mill and Jean-Jacque Rousseau. The concepts penned by Rousseau contradict those that were constructed by Mil; while the former focused on the functioning of the society as a whole, the latter advocated the rights of the individual to his freedom. Mill basically argument in his piece ‘On LibertyÂ’ allows for Utilitarian approach. His main idea was to give society and human nature a complete independence to mature and expand in infinite ways and direction. The main idea revolved around the kind of power that can be placed upon the individual by the society, and how that power was wrong unless exercised in self-defense. In particular, minorities were often the ones being oppressed. Mill pointed out that this tyrannical behavior was being supported by the major thinkers of that day. Public opinion followed the opinion of these thinkers and hence ended up doing the same. ‘On LibertyÂ’ sought to diminish the power the society had over an individualÂ’s freedom by giving that individual the freedom of speech. It was identified through the works that most people had precedent and preference which further provoked dissent and thus pressurized people. Mill also noted that there was no way of judging people on their inte rference into another personÂ’s private affairs. MillÂ’s idea of complete and total independence from society is contradicted in RousseauÂ’s works ‘The Social Contract,Â’ according to which man was restricted by the state and society that he existed in, once he became a part of the land he gave up the right to himself; society had a right upon the individual which he agrees to when he chooses to exist within a given society. This, he believed, was done for the greater good of the entire society; thereby his main focus was the society and not the individual, unlike Mill. For Rousseau, society itself was like a collective individual and that collective entity was sovereign and not a singular entity. He  allowed for individuals having their own aims and goals, but asserted that the will of the collective paved way for the greater good. By this definition he gives the society the power to act for the greater good and confirms that authority as absolute. He even goes as far as to recommend the death penalty for anyone who goes against this norm. Their ideas give us two different facets of life. Should one speak oneÂ’s mind or work for the greater good of the society?Mill believed in supporting diversity while condemning conformity by rejecting any form of manipulation that could be applied to a personÂ’s opinion or behavior. It was the revolutionary authorÂ’s belief that liberty forms the basis of much of the social progress that takes place. Through ‘On Liberty,Â’ it is asserted that freedom of speech is important primarily because to begin with, the opinion which most find disdainful maybe the correct one. Secondly, even if one voices a direly disproportionate view, refuting it will only help strengthen the general understanding of the topic amongst the masses. It was MillÂ’s belief that by continuously voicing thoughts, ideas and questions people kept society moving and defied stagnation. ‘The Social Contract,Â’ on the other hand goes onto state that the authority the ruler has over the state is like that of the father over his child. There is literally absolute control. Through RousseauÂ’s argument we are told that the mighty are the fittest to lead and decide what is best for the entire society. The wellbeing of the society depends on it functioning as one body, mind and soul. Each individual is part of the grand scheme which is built around the orders of the sovereign i.e. the rulers of the state. Mill charted three categories of freedom and asserted that the society was to abide by all three, if it were a free society. The first was freedom of thought and opinion, the second being the right to plan oneÂ’s life and future and the third to associate with other individuals on mutual grounds. The main idea behind this was that one should be able to pursue their own whims without hurting others in the process. Rousseau also has three implications of the contract. The first one being the fact that the conditions of the contract are same for everyone which is why everyone will collectively make it easier for everyone else to follow, secondly an individual cannot stand against the authority because he has given up that  right because he is a part of the state, and lastly, there is completely equality ergo the natural freedom that people enjoy stays intact, regardless of the social contract. It was in the ‘Discourse of InequalityÂ’ that Rousseau observed of inequality that the powerful has the choice between giving the masses an equal piece of the pie or letting the masses rot while they took everything for themselves. He was not an advocate of the powerful; he merely illustrated how the meek must always follow them because they have no other choice. The problem with RousseauÂ’s approach is that it completely rejects the claim that minorities or small groups may have on the society. If the masses chose to, they can quite literally annihilate any small sects that they wish without as much as a blink of an eye. In this regard, we are forced to side with MillÂ’s argument. However, ‘On LibertyÂ’ has its own faults because it focuses too much on the individualÂ’s needs without paying much heed to the society. Mill believed that the only instance where any one person or the society itself was justified in interfering with someoneÂ’s freedom was for their own self-preservation. In this way MillÂ’s only restriction on liberty was when it ended up harming other people, for which he advocated restraint. He was against the idea that meddling in someoneÂ’s affair. Diversity was not something to be toyed with, but the right to liberty was to be treated with respect. One has to also note that much of MillÂ’s work is at times vague on the limitations that can be placed on an individual. Another weak point is his extreme emphasis on the individual and not creating a balance between the individual and the society. While the individual was required to support the society he/she lived in, that by no means gave society any right to probe into their matters. As stated in the ‘Discourse of Inequality,Â’ “The difference between good and bad men is determined by public esteemÂ… The rank of citizens ought, therefore, to be regulated, not according to their personal merit Ââ€" for this would put it in the power of the magistrate to apply the law almost arbitrarily,” this shows that he believed that individuality would only hinder the laws that had been catered to the society as a whole. If each person was to be accounted for then the whole as Rousseau saw it, would come to a halt. Both authors present two extreme ways of life. while one advocates complete and total freedom, albeit not at the expense of others, the other goes on to suggest that freedom is restricted only is what the choices someone more powerful has selected for the majority. For freedom of speech both arguments do not fit. There needs to be a balance between the two. One cannot allow complete and total freedom of speech because inadvertently, whether it was intended or not, an individual may end up harming the society he/she lives in. If everyone began to voice a million different point of views at the same time there wouldnÂ’t be diversity, there would be chaos. Similarly, if the entire society was to follow the whims of a few men and women then society will not be able to move on. New ideas would never develop; people would never gain knowledge because knowledge would itself become restricted. Someone needs to stop talking to allow for the silence that precedes anotherÂ’s idea. History shows us that without speaking oneÂ’s mind, no real revolutions would have taken place, that being said, history also shows us how massive panic can sweep nations because of the freedom of speech that was given to the people. A balance between the two is needed. Social responsibility needs to be practiced with the freedom of speech; the two should be taken as a packaged deal and not separately. Works Cited Rousseau’s ‘Social Contract’Rousseau’s ‘Discourse on Inequality’Mill’s ‘On Liberty’

Code Of Ethics And Guidelines For Professional Practice Essay

If faced with a problem or issue, in a perfect world, an interpreter would be able to refer to the Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada’s (AVLIC) Code of Ethics and Guidelines for Professional Practice (2000), and reach a straightforward resolution based on its tenets. While, ideally, this â€Å"code of conduct [†¦] fosters a standard of behavior so consumers know what they can expect when similar situations arise, regardless of who the interpreter may be,† (Humphrey Alcorn, 2007, p. 302) ethical dilemmas that may arise before, during, and after assignments do not always have clear cut resolutions. At times, interpreters have to make â€Å"moment-to-moment† (Dean Pollard, 2011, p. 160) decisions that require not only an adherence to the AVLIC tenets, but also the acknowledgement that interpreters work with unique individuals in unique, ever-changing situations. Interpreting is a practice profession, meaning that an interpreter must deal wi th â€Å"consideration of one’s professional role and one’s professional responsibilities,† (p. 160) while also recognizing â€Å"the unpredictable nature of people and associated context-based decision challenges† (p. 156) that arise. In the scenario for this paper, I have agreed to interpret for a Deaf friend. She informs me that she has contracted AIDS, and needs a trustworthy interpreter so the information will not spread to the community. Upon attending the appointment, I come to realize that her list of previous sexual partnersShow MoreRelatedEthical Case Study Of The Case Of James A 25 Years Old Caucasian Female Intern1539 Words   |  7 Pagescredential as a licensed professional counselor after his name since she is supervising him. James feels comfortable with this idea because he will be a graduate within nine months from now. James and the clinical supervisor violated ACA code of ethics C.4.a. 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